famous athletes with achilles tendon rupture

Tendon injections, quinolone use, and extreme changes in exercise intensity can contribute. I had to work at doing something nearly impossible until it finally became possible. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the are what put a lot of strain on the achilles. Its going to be a learning experience for me.. Clinical Outcomes and Complications of Percutaneous Achilles Repair System Versus Open Technique for Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures. A torn or ruptured Achilles tendon is every athlete's - and sports fan's - greatest fear. I started just after 2 wks in, and went ~1x/wk. Putting It Into Practice: The Basics Applied, Crack the Codes: Practice Management & Coding Course, Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Fellowship Programs, Conflict of Interest and Product Bias Policy, Ronald and Wendy Smith Clinical Research Grant, Arthritis Foundation/AOFAS Research Grants, Clinician Scholar Career Development Program, Position Statements & Clinical Guidelines, Pierce E. Scranton Humanitarian Service Award, Roger and Joan Mann Family Education Fund, Career Outlook and Performance of Professional Athletes After Achilles Tendon Rupture, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS). OK, too much slippery can get you scrambling frantically for balance, which can also lead to injury. FootEducation LLC MeSH and transmitted securely. . (He told me to lay off high-risk sports until the grunting and groaning went away.) Longo UG, Petrillo S, Maffulli N, Denaro V. Foot Ankle Clin. 2013 Jun;18(2):319-38. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2013.02.009. So, in order to regain strength in your calf, you have to do things which are difficult now but become easier the more you do them. With that injury went Beckham's opportunity to represent England for the 4th time in the World Cup. Acute achilles tendon rupture in athletes. 3 Aerial sports with frequent jumps and landings, including gymnastics, cheerleading, dance, and extreme sports, are especially at risk for this injury. I likewise think so , perfectly composed post! Achilles tendonitis - An Introduction. Common symptoms of an Achilles tendon rupture include: a sudden sharp pain in the back of the calf muscle that may gradually turn into an ache. . Elton Brand did his in training last August and actually played the last five games of the season this past April. And who could forget Brad Pitt, who in a catastrophic coincidence ruptured his Achilles tendon while portraying the Greek demigod Achilles himself . An Achilles rupture results in severe pain that makes it immediately impossible to walk. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Would you like email updates of new search results? Happy healing. Thanks, your friendly Dr. Wed love to hear from you! 2022 Feb 22;75:103395. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103395. Even though his injury occurred in September, Laettner was ready to play by the end of the regular season. and transmitted securely. Tendonitis can be diagnosed with a physical exam and treated with anti-inflammatories, ice, a boot and physical therapy. Durant, playing his first . i saw it in the live match. But this built both my calf and strengthened my Achilles tremendously. Isiah Thomas of NBA fame and Tameka Catchings of the WNBA both suffered ATRs. Would you like email updates of new search results? Continue resisted inversion and eversion through range. It looks like she was doing the move that tore close to 50% of our ATs (and both of mine) pushing off from a foot thats well behind you, hard eccentric loading of the calf and AT. Epub 2013 Mar 20. My guess is that your PT knows best. He has been on the field for workouts. An Achilles tendon rupture is a devastating injury that prevents RTP for 30.6% of professional players. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. For heel pain, many of us adopted Crocs as our 2 shoes and heaved a sigh of relief. . or straight-kneed (gastroc?). I have stopped therapy and been doing calf raises stretches but havent made it back to the gym since this Covid crap. A complete tear through the tendon, which usually occurs about 2 inches above the heel bone, is called an Achilles tendon rupture. 269 Chestnut St. #271 The Achilles tendon is a fibrous band of tissue that links the muscles in your calf to your heel. Almost 25% of the players could not return to their sport. You dont want to re-injure anything.Like Norm said, bicycling is good. Maybe the question is stupid, but is there a way to check my good tendon? Plus, once you will be done together with the cleaning section, now commence with being a disinfectant. Dwayne The Rock Johnson. I havent tried step ups on the stairs or heels raises in the pool, but those sound helpful. Playing a quarterback in the movie he felt the tendon pop and subsequently had it surgically repaired. Hes had a rough last couple of years. m and dorsiflexion range of motion higher than 9.0 were possible thresholds for developing an Achilles tendon overuse injury. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=5239640, Alex Wong, from So you think you can dance Season 7 (i think). After missing most of the 1998-1999 season, he came back to play the last 16 games. Achilles Rupture occurs when the Achilles tendon snaps. Kevin Frandsen of the SF Giants suffered an ATR in March. In my judgment there is little question that in the athlete particularly distal biceps tendon rupture should be repaired as soon as possible (1,3,15,17,19).There have been several studies including our own attempting to estimate and evaluate both subjective and objective dysfunction following the nonrepaired biceps tendon. He recovered and continued his career as a professional wrestler and2016s highest paid Hollywood star. Heel pain. Strengthening. But I cant do a single calf raise!!!! Brendan has been keeping an excellent list of Achilles Tendon Injuries: Brendans Recognizable names to have torn Achilles tendons. Ateschrang A, Gratzer C, Ochs U, Ochs BG, Weise K. Sportverletz Sportschaden. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. I saw the play last night and knew he ruptured it. . Bookshelf eCollection 2023 Feb. Ann Med Surg (Lond). I also was playing basketball, although my injury was only in front of about 20 people at the YMCA, I think there was a few more watching him:). When there is more calf strength, raising the heel before the other foot strikes the ground becomes possible. You probably used that technique in your boot, and its even more important to use it in 2 shoes. Conclusion: . We recommend seeking advice from your own surgeon before attempting any rehabilitation exercises. Recognising the early warning signs is a great way of preventing Achilles tendon ruptures. In addition, the tendon may become weakened and lose its structure. 2017 Jan-Feb;56(1):121-124. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.07.007. The peak age for Achilles tendon rupture is 30 to 40. Internal Medicine Mentor Ohio These types of injuries typically occur in athletes and are usually sports or exercise-related. why are my state wages and local wages different, 5 pillars of criminal justice system in japan, jordyn woods and kylie jenner still friends, trane outdoor temp sensor resistance chart, non stop flights from portland maine to orlando florida, how thick does a glacier get before it moves, what part of kentucky does not get tornadoes. I just bought SPD shoes and a road bike to see if that might get me past this huge road block. A number of professional athletes, including NBA greats Isiah Thomas and Shaquille O'Neal, have retired early due to a torn Achilles tendon. He is the Ravens all time leader in sacks and at 6-3, 260 lbs can run the 40yd dash in less than 4.9 seconds. Its been a year and 8 months for me, and maintaining strength and girth is nearly impossible. Some good news from the recovery standpoint: Baron Batch, Tx Tech running back, had an ATR mid-season 2006, sat out entire 2007 season and was Techs leading rusher in the Alamo Bowl tonight. Or while the weather is still nice walking would be good too, just to get moving outside. The injury delayed the filming of the movies final scene by 10 weeks. This has been the toughest injury I have ever expirenced. I will visit here often and recommend this site to my friends. To add to the listNFL middle LB Ed Hartwell (Atlanta Falcons) ruptured his right Achilles in October 2005 and missed the rest of the season. The famous British soccer star, fashion icon, Sexist Man alive (2015) and husband of Posh Spiceruptured his left Achilles playing soccerfor AC Milan on March 14th 2010. Second, they suffered Achilles tendon injuries at the age of 24. This list is making me feel a lot better about my ATR & recovery. Knotless Repair of Achilles Tendon Rupture in an Elite Athlete: Return to Competition in 18Weeks. The heal pain seems to be getting less each day b/c my calf is slowly getting stronger each day! However, in 2010 he finallyunderwent operative treatment of his now chronic Achilles problem. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. I dont have their names. As a result, the large amount of stress the muscles place on the Achilles tendon makes it prone to injury. In winter, 2000, while playing basketball I ruptured my right Achilles tendon when jumping to shoot. It happens most frequently while playing sports. Pain of the Achilles tendon commonly affects both competitive and recreational athletes as well as the sedentary patient. Jallageas R, Bordes J, Daviet JC, Mabit C, Coste C. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. An official website of the United States government. He had considerable experience with sports injuries, having . Youve had a bunch of setbacks and some extended immobilization from them, but you should be way past any reasonable fear of re-rupturing your AT by walking, no matter how you do it. Achilles tendinitis is an overuse injury of the Achilles (uh-KILL-eez) tendon, the band of tissue that connects calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to your heel bone. This review offers data to help set goals and expectations for athletes returning to play after AT rupture. Congrats, Savi. By emphasizing collaboration and excellence, AOFAS inspires ever-increasing levels of professional performance leading to improved patient outcomes. I have yet to get to the 1 leg calf raise, and right now dont really try. Lets not forget about Donovan Baily on this list: gold medalist and world record holder of 100 meter sprint at the 1996 olympics. as soon as physio started, i did make a point of doing some kind of exercise pretty much every waking moment. Much cheaper than re-carpeting the whole house in 1cm-thick gel foam! Accessibility Durant, a 10-time All-Star, the 2014 NBA MVP, and a two-time NBA Finals MVP, ruptured his Achilles tendon in Game 5 of the 2019 NBA Finals. Jun 11, 2019. Maybe full tears/ruptures are more serious injuries than partial tears but impressive comebacks nonetheless. 2011 Jan;28(1):117-35. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2010.10.002. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal My doc recommended not wearing cleats when I (hopefully) play next summer. Bad week for professional athletes this week. At around week 18, my PT told me wed gone about as far as we could go, but that he would hand me over to a colleague who would supervise an exercise-based rehab program in their gym. at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqNGFoakTDA&feature=player_embedded . clifford friend obituary; famous athletes with achilles tendon rupture Risk factors have included, but not limited to, corticosteroids, fluoroquinolones, and repetitive microtrauma . Ive started bicycling a LOT on it, and running some on it (delayed a BUNCH by my open-heart surgery last Dec. Tiffany City Hardwear Bracelet, Based on my mechanical load analysis of the human leg below, ball jumping exerts 1.5 times less load on the Achilles tendon than jumping with the heel down. By Robert. 2017 Feb 15;66:265-274. And youre absolutely right, having a half-height 1-leg straight-kneed heel raise (in my case) doesnt seem to create many problems though I havent returned to the volleyball court yet, for other reasons (like open-heart surgery!). Its main function is to flex the foot. Be interesting to know what his rehab program consisted of . It mainly occurs in people playing recreational sports, but it can happen to anyone. Has anyone heard of more PT needed and still gotten well? What are the Symptoms and Signs of an Achilles Tendon Rupture? My calves have always been naturally big. [1] Acute ruptures often present with sudden onset of pain associated with a "snapping" or audible "pop" heard at the site of injury. As a result of the injury the part was given to Elaine Paige of EVITA fame. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted I had a heel spur and achilles surgury may 20th 2020 did the PT and my calf has come back close to normal but cant do a one legged calf raise either. Many people may develop an Achilles rupture or tear, such as recreational athletes, older people, or those with previous Achilles tendon injury. Dan M. gives me the motivation.great guy, class act and sports player of our time. An Achilles tendon injury can happen to anyone, whether you're an athlete or just going about your everyday life. It will come, just go SLOWLY! Achilles tendinosis is a degeneration of the Achilles tendon. Sports and high-impact activity is the most . And now this. Good luck to you and your recovery. Dan Mario torn his achilles during a game in Cleveland in 1993. ), but my right knee isnt too bad, so maybe the program has been working well enough. Foot Ankle Int. And for Olympians: One of the best Bulgarian competitors, world and European freestyle wrestling vice champion Anatoly Guidia ruptured an Achilles tendon during a training session and had to be taken to a local hospital in Beijing for surgery. 40s, and 50s. Achilles tendon rupture is common in weekend athletes trying to play/train too hard and is less common in well-trained professional athletes. The average time to return to full sport participation was 4.80.9 months. Re: Ryan Howard his description and how he did it rang eerily familiar to me when I blew my left tendon out on 4/21/11 (although I was playing volleyball, not busting out of the batters box). (September 11, 1998). Dame Kelly retired because of her injury in 2007. I have had about 6 1/2 months of PT and it still hurts a little to walk. Achilles tendon rupture 68% (21 of 31) Anecdotally, it seems . Orthop J Sports Med. June 30, 2022 . The modified mini-open technique for repairing total ruptured Achilles tendon using fiber wire with calcaneal fixation. He hit a sharp grounder to the hole between third and short. Two premiership footballers in England have done theirs in the last month or so-Jermaine Jenas and Steven Taylor. Epub 2013 Jul 22. Dipped in the river Styx as baby by his Mother he was rendered invulnerable except for his heel, which she held while dipping him. More specifically, Cain noted patella tendon graft is chosen by many orthopedic surgeons because it has tissue quality similar to the ACL. how much does a pelvic ultrasound cost; 30 Junio, 2022; famous athletes with achilles tendon rupture When youre first walking in shoes, you should be looking for ways NOT to load up your calf and AT. Dr. Barnett: We see a lot of tendinitis in the Achilles region in younger athletes as a result of overuse but probably the most common group affected by Achilles tendon ruptures are the older . Ive always had skinny calves and high Gastrocs (inherited from BOTH parents! My PT experience was the re education of the foot and calf muscles, I could not believe with just a month or so in a cast\boot etc I couldnt walk backward and lift the foot up or walk down stairs pointing my toe down. The Achilles tendon is a strong fibrous cord that connects the muscles in the back of your calf to your heel bone. Beckham's Achilles injury. Tendinosis to Rupture; Chronic Ankle Instability - Role of Arthroscopy . To be honest, I think my gastroc is a tiny bit long, and my soleus is a tiny bit short. If Im right, and the gastroc is a bit long, I will probably never fully regain strength and symmetry. Materials and methods: Seventeen elite athletes with prodromal tendinous problems . I am getting better with the pain and range of motion and strengthening slowly. After rehabbing for a couple of years, then being signed but quickly released from the Raiders, he never reached his earlier potential and did not return to play in the NFL. It can rupture unexpectedly or during sudden calf muscle activity, such as running or sprinting. Saleonleather. Usually a faster recovery, way less pain, and no time off work with a desk job. In my case, I think that part of the disconnect is probably because my soleus is close to 100%, and its responsible for ankle dorsiflection when my knee is bent, which is a fair bit of the time when Im playing sports. Power Query Get Value From Cell, ), Walking downstairs normally is an especially hard test for calf and AT, and you dont want to take that hard test yet! We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data study to evaluate the results of percutaneous repair of an acute AT rupture in elite athletes. famous athletes with achilles tendon rupture. Athletes are typically out of competition for 6-9 months after . San Francisco CA 94123. Joseph Kousa, MD 2013 training camp tears the right Achilles. The injury most commonly occurs in adults in their third to fifth decade of life. Achilles (uh-KILL-eez) tendon rupture is an injury that affects the back of your lower leg. He came back in the final game of the season for a single at-bat in the last half of the eighth inning. You could bet that every NHL player woke up to a pair of Kevlar socks the next day. It is particularly important when you are walking, pointing your toes and standing on tiptoe. Surgeons can now use this knowledge to set expectations on rehabilitation and return to play for their patients. Most Achilles tendon ruptures are treated surgically, especially with young athletes or active people.The following is an example of a rehabilitation and exercise program for a complete achilles tendon rupture. Epub 2016 Aug 21. But if pain lasts for too long, it becomes learned and can continue long after the danger has passed. While Kobe Bryant might have the most famous Achilles tendon in recent memory, the study examined 406 Achilles injuries over a ten-year period from 2000-2010. Surgeons also should understand the accelerated rehabilitation protocols; functional nonsurgical and postoperative rehabilitation protocols; as well as the standard open, percutaneous, and minimally invasive surgical techniques for the management of Achilles tendon rupture from the perspective of a sports medicine foot and ankle specialist. He was the son of Thetis, a beautiful Nereid, and Peleus King of the Myrmidons. Once I strengthen my calf where i can do several single heel raises, I will return to finish out those sessions with hopefully more intense plymetrics which will allow my calf and ATR to return to explosive sports. But before she consulted any physicians or even disembarked off the plane, she had a message of support from perhaps the most famous athlete to ever suffer an Achilles tear: the late Kobe Bryant. I dont think she held back or lost much because of the ATR. Whats the most anyone has had successful PT? PGA Tour pro Anthony Kim ruptured his Achilles in June while running sprints during conditioning. Mine was surgically repaired in march, I got to 13 wks and it blew out, 1 wk after the surgeon said all was good. The site is secure. The injury caused him to miss the 2010 World Cup. volleyball. It connects to your calf muscle, which is why sprinting and jumping athletes are affected. National Library of Medicine Achilles tendon rupture tends to occur most frequently between the ages of 25-40 and over 60 years of age. i dont know that id be keen on running until you can do them. But the most successful by far was Dame Kelly Holmes, double Olympic Gold Medal runner at the 2004 Olympics. Yucca, Ive long since given up on doing good 1-leg heel raises on my left leg, but Ive also long since returned to aggressive bike riding, aggressive downhill skiing, competitive volleyball (including 2-on-2 beach volleyball), and anything else athletic I feel like doing. I started in the boot, then continued in 2 shoes. The injury generally occurs in . My guess is, hell be back no earlier than the All-Star break. But for Savi to try doing something close to a 1-leg heel raise while hes in single-digits weeks post-op would be asking way too much, IMHO. Achilles Tendon Rupture in Elite Athletes Instr Course Lect. Rupturing the Achilles tendon often occurs during a sudden dynamic movement to change directions. Players with an Achilles rupture face long periods of rehabilitation and some even had to prematurely end their career. sacramento drug bust; montage los cabos wedding cost. Heya Savvy, I am almost 8 weeks post op and feel your pain..I feel sooo out of shape, add in a little body dismorphic syndrome and I feel like a stuffed pig! We need to add Kobe Bryant, LA Lakers to the list. Foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeons are medical doctors (MD and DO) who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the foot and ankle. Wonderful beat ! Bryant heroically rehabilitated his surgically repaired Achilles and returned to the NBA in December 2014. I ruptured both last October and I too find it difficult to do single calf raises on either leg. 2021 Nov 15;10(22):5299. doi: 10.3390/jcm10225299. One that helped me the most is the weight machine that you push with your foot against a flat bar. If I had an answer, Id share it with you. georgia forensic audit pulitzer; pelonis box fan manual 2015 Nov;46 Suppl 6:S137-42. Has anybody else had any luck with a full reovery? How about that for a comeback! Wilkins is an exception to the Achilles recovery mold. It looks like starting safety for the Philadelphia Eagles, Marlin Jackson, ruptured his right achilles tendon and is out for the season. And +1 to Doug53s comment above. The San Francisco 49ers offense took a huge hit on Tuesday when wide receiver Michael Crabtree went down with a torn Achilles tendon first revealed by Mike Garafolo of USA Today.. . Gabe Kapler, 2005 Boston Red Sox As the premier global organization for foot and ankle care, AOFAS delivers exceptional events and resources for continuous education, funds and promotes innovative research, and broadens patient understanding of foot and ankle conditions and treatments. eCollection 2021 Sep. J Clin Med. The following night, she took a direct flight from Vienna to Los Angeles, where doctors confirmed that she had ruptured her Achilles. You can read all about it at achillesblog.com/ryanb. I think about 4 months I was doing them. I just wanted to stop by and say that you I have been reading a lot of blogs lately and use them as references in some of the papers I am publishing and this will definitely be one of them. Seventy-one Achilles tendon ruptures were reported between 2013 and 2018. 2 Achilles tendon injuries are common in athletes playing tennis, basketball, and soccer, 3 among other sports involving running, jumping, and . A ruptured Achilles tendon is a significant injury which affects elite sportspeople and weekend warriors alike. BOTH of mine happened late in a long evening of competitive volleyball, and I always run around the gym for a few minutes before even touching a ball. My Achilles is easily about 2 times thicker than my original. THERES ONLY ONNNNNE DAVID BECKHAM. Ive been doing several months of PT and exercises (including lots of stretches), and Im still recovering from my first volleyball session of the season (indoor beach, 2s, 3s, and 4s). Byrne PA, Hopper GP, Wilson WT, Mackay GM. The Achilles is the strongest tendon in the body. If you are a reporter or member of the media looking for spokespeople or sources, please contact AOFAS at 800-235-4855 or +1-847-698-4654 (outside US) or aofasinfo@aofas.org. Acute achilles tendon rupture: a randomized, controlled study comparing surgical and nonsurgical treatments using validated outcome measures. The .gov means its official. I think that vaguel confirms my undocumented guess that beach volleyball is WAY less ATR-intensive than court volleyball. "Achilles Tendon Disorders in Athletes" Am. So, if you can adapt your training to a level within the current capacity of your tendon, you can continue to train without aggravating your injury. It is a pretty common injury for people (usually men) in their 30s. But Id be stunned if he did. Obivouisly dont overdo it when u start out. Achilles rupture. nmjr: Its not soccer, but I would call my story a success. ruptured his left Achilles tendon ironically playing the part of Achilles himself in the movie Troy (2004). Pretty good. Geriatric Mentor Ohio This former US Vice President (1993-2000) and Nobel Peace Prize (2007) winning environmentalistruptured his left Achilles playingpick-up basketball with members of the US House of representatives in 1994. 2023 Feb 10;11(2):23259671221145199. doi: 10.1177/23259671221145199. Contact us for best Cleaning Services in jumeirah 3. Mark Lewis Francis, a 100m sprinter, won silver in the European Championships a few nights ago after recovering from a partial tear of the achilles. Achilles tendinitis most commonly occurs in runners who have suddenly increased the intensity or duration of their runs. Hey savvy525, Sounds like youre doing great. Hes a dynamic player for Aston Villa, though still young. Hes a big guy too. Hello! Kelly Holmes partially ruptured her achilles and suffered a whole host of other injuries in the late nineties before coming back to win gold in both the 800m and 1500m at the 2004 Olympics. Achilles tendon rupture is up to five times more likely to occur in men than in women. Players with an Achilles rupture face long periods of rehabilitation and some even had to prematurely end their career. More info on IMDB. But when I saw my OS for the last time maybe 7 months in? Fax: (714) 638 - 1478. 1 , 16 - 18 21 50 58 While the strongest No benets in any form have been received or will be received from . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Treatment for a ruptured Achilles tendon often depends on your age, activity level and the severity of your injury. (Not that I actually DID those things at home. Began a leg workout regiment 2 weeks ago hoping I can push past this barrier but Im not sure what will or can push me over this. The same thing applies to rehab. A rupture can be diagnosed with the Thompson Test, a physical exam that involves squeezing the calf muscle. PMID: Jallageas R, Bordes J, Daviet JC, Mabit C, Coste C. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. VP Al Gore ruptured his AT in 1994 while he was playing a game of pick-up basketball at the gym. when i did my last ATR, im not exactly sure about when i could do a single leg calf raise, but i know for a fact i was playing soccer again by 5 months. ), and extremely vulnerable to re-rupture if he overloads his AT. One thing Cousins had going for him is that he is younger than most who suffer this injury, which may help his recovery. Particularly, most of Dubais major places experience this issue. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) mobilizes our dynamic community of foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeons to improve patient care through education, research, and advocacy. ROSEMONT, Ill. (July 13, 2021) According to the results of a recent study published in Foot & Ankle International (FAI), professional athletes who experienced Achilles tendon (AT) rupture were unable to return to sport participation 24% of the time. He was named first team all pro, selected to represent the AFC in the Pro Bowl, and was named NFL defensive player of the year by the AP, NFL 101 & Pro Football Weekly. About 75% of total and the majority of partial tendon ruptures are related to sports activities usually involving abrupt repetitive jumping and sprinting movements. Professional basketball players are at high risks of sustaining an Achilles tendon rupture (ATR). I really wish you luck. he had to pull out halfway through the show =(, Northwestern Univ quarterback Dan Persa just ruptured his while running to celebrate a touchdown pass that he had just thrown. Savi, The pandemic led six orthopaedic researchers to review 15 studies on return-to-play outcomes related to time and rate, durability and player participation, and player performance following AT rupture in professional athletes of the National Football League (NFL), National Basketball Association (NBA), Major League Baseball (MLB), and professional soccer leagues.

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